Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • What Is ssh-keygen? Ssh-keygen is a tool for creating new authentication key pairs for SSH. Such key pairs are used for automating logins, single sign-on, and for authenticating hosts. SSH Keys and Public Key Authentication The uses public key cryptography for authenticating hosts and users. The authentication keys, called, are created using the keygen program. SSH introduced as a more secure alternative to the older.rhosts authentication. It improved security by avoiding the need to have password stored in files, and eliminated the possibility of a compromised server stealing the user's password.

However, SSH keys are authentication credentials just like passwords. Thus, they must be managed somewhat analogously to user names and passwords.

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They should have a proper termination process so that keys are removed when no longer needed. Creating an SSH Key Pair for User Authentication The simplest way to generate a key pair is to run ssh-keygen without arguments. In this case, it will prompt for the file in which to store keys. Here's an example: klar (11:39) ~>ssh-keygen Generating public/private rsa key pair.

Enter file in which to save the key (/home/ylo/.ssh/id_rsa): Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): Enter same passphrase again: Your identification has been saved in /home/ylo/.ssh/id_rsa. Your public key has been saved in /home/ylo/.ssh/id_rsa.pub. The key fingerprint is: SHA256:Up6KjbnEV4Hgfo75YM393QdQsK3Z0aTNBz0DoirrW+c ylo@klar The key's randomart image is: +---[RSA 2048]----+ ..oo. .....o.X. .. O.o.+. .o.S o. .%o=. @.B.. o.=. O.... .oo E... +----[SHA256]-----+ klar (11:40) ~>First, the tool asked where to save the file.

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SSH keys for user authentication are usually stored in the user's.ssh directory under the home directory. However, in enterprise environments, the location is often different. The default key file name depends on the algorithm, in this case id_rsa when using the default RSA algorithm.

It could also be, for example, id_dsa or id_ecdsa. Then it asks to enter a.

The passphrase is used for encrypting the key, so that it cannot be used even if someone obtains the private key file. The passphrase should be cryptographically strong. Our is one possible tool for generating strong passphrases.

Choosing an Algorithm and Key Size SSH supports several public key algorithms for authentication keys. These include: • rsa - an old algorithm based on the difficulty of factoring large numbers. A key size of at least 2048 bits is recommended for RSA; 4096 bits is better. RSA is getting old and significant advances are being made in factoring. Choosing a different algorithm may be advisable. It is quite possible the RSA algorithm will become practically breakable in the foreseeable future.

All SSH clients support this algorithm. • dsa - an old US government Digital Signature Algorithm. It is based on the difficulty of computing discrete logarithms. A key size of 1024 would normally be used with it.

DSA in its original form is no longer recommended. • ecdsa - a new Digital Signature Algorithm standarized by the US government, using elliptic curves. This is probably a good algorithm for current applications. Only three key sizes are supported: 256, 384, and 521 (sic!) bits. We would recommend always using it with 521 bits, since the keys are still small and probably more secure than the smaller keys (even though they should be safe as well). Most SSH clients now support this algorithm. • ed25519 - this is a new algorithm added in OpenSSH.

Support for it in clients is not yet universal. Thus its use in general purpose applications may not yet be advisable.

The algorithm is selected using the -t option and key size using the -b option. The following commands illustrate: ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096 ssh-keygen -t dsa ssh-keygen -t ecdsa -b 521 ssh-keygen -t ed25519 Specifying the File Name Normally, the tool prompts for the file in which to store the key.